- paediatric
Of
or relating to children.
- palliative
To
do with relieving rather than curing symptoms.
- pancreas
A
glandular organ situated behind the stomach that secretes insulin and
pancreatic digestive enzymes.
- pancreatitis
A
condition of the pancreas causing severe abdominal pain, shock and collapse,
which can be fatal.
- pancytopenia
Low
numbers of all blood cells.
- PAP smear
A
specimen of cells from the cervix, usually obtained in scrapings from the
opening, which may be examined by microscope to look for abnormalities.
- paraesthesia
Abnormal
sensations of touch on the skin.
- pathogen
Any
micro-organism which can cause disease. There are four main types: bacteria,
fungi, protozoa, viruses.
- pathogenesis
The origin and step-by-step development of disease.
- pc
Abbreviation
of a Latin term meaning after food.
- PCP
Pneumocystis
carinii
pneumonia, a form of pneumonia, which is an AIDS defining illness.
- PCR
Polymerase
chain reaction, a method of amplifying fragments of genetic material so that they
can be detected. Some viral load tests use this method.
- perianal
Around
the anus.
- perinatal
Around
the time of birth.
- peripheral neuropathy
Damage
to the nerves of the hands and/or feet, causing symptoms ranging from numbness
to excruciating pain.
- person years
In a study “100 person years of follow-up” could mean that information was collected on 100 people for one year, or on 50 people for two years each, or on ten people over ten years. In practice, each person’s duration of follow-up is likely to be different.
- pharmacokinetic
The
study of how a drug is absorbed and distributed throughout the body.
- phase I
The
earliest stage of a clinical trial in humans, designed to see if a drug,
or vaccine is safe and what the maximum safe dose is.
- phase I/II
Stage
of a clinical trial to see what the most effective dose of a drug is.
- phase II
Stage
of a clinical trial to see if a drug is effective in the short-term.
- phase III
Stage
of a clinical trial when the experimental drug is given to large
numbers
of people, at the dose determined in phase I or phase II. Often the trial drug
is compared with a treatment already in use or with an inactive placebo.
- phenotype
Trait
or behaviour which results from a particular genotype.
- phosphate
Phosphorus combined with oxygen in the blood forms a variety of phosphates, vital for energy
production, muscle and nerve function, and bone growth. Raised levels can
be a sign of conditions such as kidney disease and diabetes.
- phosphorylation
Process
by which the NRTI drugs are converted within human cells into forms that
inhibit HIV.
- PI
See
protease inhibitor.
- pilot study
Small-scale,
preliminary study.
- placebo
A
pill or liquid which looks and tastes exactly like a real drug, but contains no
active substance.
- placebo effect
A commonly observed phenomenon, in which patients given a placebo have better clinical results than patients given no treatment at all (even though there is no active drug in a placebo). This may be because patients expect to get better.
- plasma
The
fluid portion of the blood.
- PML
Progressive
multifocal leukoencephalopathy, a serious brain infection.
- poppers
Amyl,
butyl or isobutyl nitrite, are recreational drugs sniffed during sex to both
intensify the experience and relax anal sphincter muscles.
- positive predictive value
When using a diagnostic test, the percentage of those testing positive who are correctly diagnosed. This will vary according the prevalence in the local population.
- powered
A
study has adequate statistical power if it can reliably detect a clinically
important difference (i.e. between two treatments) if a difference actually
exists. If a study is under-powered, there are not enough people taking part
and the study may not tell us whether one treatment is better than the other.
- preclinical
Of
in vitro research or research involving animals, undertaken prior to research
in humans.
- prevalence
The
proportion of people who currently have an infection or a condition. This will
include people who acquired the infection or condition several years ago and
still have it. See also ‘incidence’.
- primary endpoint
A
single endpoint in an RCT which most accurately reflects the beneficial effects
of treatment.
- primary infection
In HIV, usually
defined as the first six months of infection.
- pro-drug
A
drug that is broken down into another active form inside the body.
- prognosis
Likely
outcome, such as the risk of disease progression.
- proliferation
Multiplication
(e.g. of immune system cells) to control an infection.
- prolonged release
Medication where the
active ingredient is released at a controlled rate over a period of time,
usually up to 24 hours.
- prophylaxis
Taking
a drug to prevent an illness. Primary prophylaxis is the use of drugs to
prevent a first occurrence of illness. Secondary prophylaxis is the use of
drugs to prevent re-occurrence of illness.
- prospective study
A
type of longitudinal study in which people join the study and information is
then collected on them for several weeks, months or years. See also
‘retrospective study’.
).
- protease
An
enzyme that HIV uses to break up large proteins into smaller ones from which
new HIV particles can be made.
- protease inhibitor
Family
of antiretrovirals which target the protease enzyme. Includes amprenavir,
indinavir, lopinavir, ritonavir, saquinavir, nelfinavir, and atazanavir.
- protein
A
substance which forms the structure of most cells and enzymes.
- protocol
A
detailed research plan that describes the aims and objectives of a clinical
trial and how it will be conducted.
- protozoa
A
group of single-celled animals, a few of which cause human disease.
- proviral DNA
The
chemical form in which HIV's genetic information is stored within infected
cells.
- psoriasis
A
disease in which the skin develops raised, rough, reddened areas.
- psychiatry
A
branch of medicine that treats people, using drugs and other physical methods,
to change the way they act and feel.
- psychology
A
branch of medicine that tries to explain why people act, think and feel the way
they do.
- psychosis
Mental health problems that stop someone from thinking clearly and telling the
difference between reality and their imagination.
- pulmonary
Affecting
the lungs.
- p-value
The
result of a statistical test which tells us whether the results of a study are
likely to be due to chance and would not be confirmed if the study was repeated.
All p-values are between 0 and 1; the most reliable studies have p-values very
close to 0. A p-value of 0.001 means that there is a 1 in 1000 probability that
the results are due to chance and do not reflect a real difference. A p-value
of 0.05 means there is a 1 in 20 probability that the results are due to chance.
When a p-value is 0.05 or below, the result is considered to be ‘statistically
significant’. Confidence intervals give similar information to p-values but are
easier to interpret. See ‘confidence interval’.